pulse amplitude modulation

MPAM

In terms of the signal space representation, we set the quadrature component (encoded on ϕ2 or sin) to be 0.

Where Ai=d(2i−1−M) where M is the signal constellation.

PAM is parametrized by d which is a function of signal energy, and the distance between two points on the signal constellation is 2d.

Average energy is given by

Note that because the "sine" component is zero, the constellation diagram is a line.